Toward a conceptualized belief–action–outcome model for supporting sustainability reporting harmonization

Purpose This study explores the path toward global harmonization of sustainability reporting, focusing on the key factors that influence it. Specifically, it aims to develop and test a conceptual model that explains how nonfinancial reporting (NFR) practices (actions) are shaped by beliefs (e.g. governance quality, cultural context, social responsibility and digital trust) and how these practices, in turn, impact sustainability performance (outcomes). It also evaluates the moderating role of digitalization and standardized reporting in this process. Design/methodology/approach This study employs an innovative approach to the belief–action–outcome (BAO) framework by developing a conceptual model designed to enhance the harmonization of sustainability reporting. By employing partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM), this study empirically examines the direct and indirect effects of digitalization and standardized reporting on sustainability performance, offering comprehensive insights into their interconnections. Findings The results indicate that socially responsible attitudes and digital trust (beliefs) significantly influence NFR practices and digitalization (actions). Furthermore, digitalization enhances the positive effect of NFR practices on sustainability performance. These findings emphasize the importance of standardized reporting in achieving global harmonization and promoting sustainable, inclusive economic systems. Practical implications This study offers valuable insights for regulators, practitioners and academics by demonstrating that embedding enabling beliefs and investing in digitalization and global reporting standards are essential for transforming sustainability reporting into a credible, comparable and outcome-driven tool for advancing sustainable development. Originality/value This research uniquely integrates cognitive, attitudinal and behavioral dimensions of NFR to propose a novel cause-effect model based on the BAO framework. It is the first study to emphasize the interplay between digitalization, NFR practices and sustainability performance, providing a fresh perspective on global harmonization.