Meta-Analysis of Competency Challenges and Development for TVET Instructors: A Global and Malaysian Perspective

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) is transforming industries globally, introducing advanced digital, physical, and biological technologies that significantly affect various sectors, including Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). Competency challenges among TVET instructors have been widely identified in various countries, with specific issues such as lack of pedagogical training, insufficient industry experience, and limited exposure to Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This meta-analysis examines the key competency issues faced by TVET instructors globally, particularly in developing countries, and evaluates the necessity of developing robust competency profiles for instructors, with a focus on Malaysia. By analyzing previous studies on knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA), this research aims to identify gaps and propose solutions for effective competency development, particularly in the construction sector.