Evaluation of Aquamicrobium lusatiense NLF 2–7 as a Biocontrol Agent in Manure Composting: Effects on Odorous Compounds and Microbial Community Under Mesophilic Conditions

Microbial inoculation is a commonly applied approach in composting to enhance organic matter biodegradation and reduce odor emissions. However, the different characteristics of bacteria in terms of temperature can be considered to optimize their effect during different phases of composting. A mesophilic bacterium, namely Aquamicrobium lusatiense NLF 2-7, was evaluated to mitigate odor emissions and enhance the bacterial community under mesophilic composting. Two different treatments were designed: treatment 1 with a single inoculation on the initial day and treatment 2 with split inoculation at the initial and after 2 weeks. Results show that the treatments improve organic matter decomposition by 17.7-28.6% and significantly reduce volatile sulfur compound emissions, especially dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) during the initial phase of composting. DMS emissions were mostly emitted in the first week, with reduction rates of 60.3% and 61.5% in both treatments, respectively. Additionally, mean phenol emissions were reduced by 7.9% in treatment 1 and 11.7% in treatment 2. The dominant bacterial phyla during composting were Bacillota, Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota, and Actinomycetota, comprising 74 to 95% of the total population. This experiment suggests that A. lusatiense NLF 2-7, which is known for reducing sulfur emissions, can also enhance organic matter decomposition. Split inoculation appears more beneficial, with an initial inoculation managing sulfur emissions early on, followed by a second inoculation after the thermophilic phase to control phenol emissions throughout the composting process.