Clinical and Radiographic Changes in Immature Teeth after Regenerative Endodontic Treatment

This retrospective observational study aimed to analyze the patterns and distribution of root canal calcification, tooth discoloration, hypercementosis, and delayed root growth following regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) in immature permanent teeth. Additionally, the study aimed to assess their progression over time to enhance understanding of their occurrence and to provide clinically relevant information for patient monitoring and prognostic evaluation after REPs. A total of 42 teeth from 36 patients who underwent REPs for immature anterior or premolar teeth between April 2013 and April 2024 were retrospectively reviewed, with a mean follow-up period of 24.0 ± 18.6 months. The associations between the occurrence of clinical variations and relevant clinical factors, including tooth type and patient characteristics, were analyzed using Pearson’s chi-square test. The cumulative occurrence of clinical variations over time was assessed using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. Of the total 42 teeth, 39 (92.9%) were successfully treated. Clinical variations were identified in 66.7% of the successfully treated teeth. The most frequently observed variations were canal calcification and delayed root growth (each 25.6%), followed by discoloration (17.9%), hypercementosis (12.8%), and root curvature (2.6%). Delayed root growth was particularly frequent in cases associated with trauma. Canal calcification predominantly began within the first year, decreasing thereafter, whereas discoloration and hypercementosis showed no clear temporal trends. The patterns and distribution of clinical variations identified in this study offer meaningful insights into post-treatment monitoring and prognostic assessment in clinical practice.