Health risk assessment and seasonal investigation of trace metals in different organs of sea bass fish from Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh

• Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb, and Cd were found in elevated concentrations. • Winter season exhibited higher metal accumulation. • Fin and gill tissues showed greater metal levels than flesh. • Potential non-carcinogenic health risks were indicated. • Ni and Cd can pose potential carcinogenic concerns for consumers. This study aims to evaluate the trace metal concentrations and the associated health risks posed by the consumption of seabass ( Lates calcarifer ). The concentrations of trace metals in the fin, gill, and flesh tissues of seabass from Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh, were analyzed across rainy and winter seasons using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed higher concentrations of Ni, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb, and Cd, all of which exceeded the standard food safety guidelines. Fin and gill exhibited higher metal accumulation. The concentrations of Fe and Zn in gill and fin tissues were notably higher. The winter season showed the highest metal accumulation in most cases, compared to the rainy season. The low concentrations of trace metals during the rainy season may be attributed to dilution resulting from heavy rainfall. Zn concentration showed the highest metal accumulation in flesh during the winter season. THQ values were found to be <1, but the HI was relatively high. Furthermore, the TR values for Ni and Cd exceeded the acceptable range, indicating possible carcinogenic risks. This study identifies potential health concerns associated with local people's consumption of seabass, which policymakers should consider.