Galactic and solar energetic particle observations during the increasing part of solar cycle 25 with EPD/HET and Metis on board Solar Orbiter

Context. Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) with energies greater than tens of megaelectron volts are at the origin of spacecraft deep charging. The High Energy Telescope of the Energetic Particle Detector instrument measures the particle flux incident on the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. An algorithm implemented in the processing electronics of the visible light (VL) instrument of the Metis coronagraph generates cosmic-ray matrices containing the pixels fired by high-energy particles. These independent observations allow us to monitor the secondary particle production into the spacecraft. Aims. We studied the GCR flux long-term variations during the ascending phase of solar cycle 25 and the evolution of two SEP events observed on July 24–26, 2023, and on February 9–14, 2024, above 80 MeV with the aim of evaluating the impact of galactic and solar high-energy particles on Metis. Methods. A Python tool named REBECCA has been developed for the automated analysis of the Metis cosmic-ray matrices. The number of observed particle tracks is compared to Monte Carlo simulations of the Metis VL bidimensional CMOS sensor used as a particle detector. Results. We present the modulation of the GCR energy spectrum from 2020 through 2024 above 100 MeV. The dynamics of two intense SEP events is also reported. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the composition of particles in the cosmic-ray matrices is dominated by protons. Going from solar minimum to maximum, an increase in particles produced by cosmic rays in the spacecraft material surrounding Metis was observed. Conversely, during the whole evolution of SEP events, protons made up more than 90% of the particles. These observations were gathered near the ecliptic during a positive polarity epoch of the global solar magnetic field. Analogous studies will be conducted during the negative polarity epoch, within 1 au, both above and below the ecliptic plane, throughout the remaining duration of the mission.

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Journal
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Published
2025-11-25
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202556636
Primary Topic
Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
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article
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article

Galactic and solar energetic particle observations during the increasing part of solar cycle 25 with EPD/HET and Metis on board Solar Orbiter

M. Stangalini, M. Romoli, A. Burtovoi, M. Messerotti et al.
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
article

Galactic and solar energetic particle observations during the increasing part of solar cycle 25 with EPD/HET and Metis on board Solar Orbiter

M. Stangalini, M. Romoli, A. Burtovoi, M. Messerotti, Vania Da Deppo, Paolo Chioetto, F. Frassati, G. Nicolini, G. Russano, S. Gissot, M. Uslenghi, L. Abbo, P. Kühl, D. Spadaro, M. Fabi, Daniele Telloni, Christina Plainaki, V. Andretta, C. Grimani, M. Pancrazzi, G. Jerse, L. Teriaca, A. Persici, C. Sasso, R. F. Wimmer‐Schweingruber, Federico Sabbatini, Roberto Susino, Javier R. Rodríguez-Pacheco, Y. De Leo, G. Naletto, Mattia Villani, Federico Landini, E. Antonucci
article en

Abstract

Context. Galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) with energies greater than tens of megaelectron volts are at the origin of spacecraft deep charging. The High Energy Telescope of the Energetic Particle Detector instrument measures the particle flux incident on the Solar Orbiter spacecraft. An algorithm implemented in the processing electronics of the visible light (VL) instrument of the Metis coronagraph generates cosmic-ray matrices containing the pixels fired by high-energy particles. These independent observations allow us to monitor the secondary particle production into the spacecraft. Aims. We studied the GCR flux long-term variations during the ascending phase of solar cycle 25 and the evolution of two SEP events observed on July 24–26, 2023, and on February 9–14, 2024, above 80 MeV with the aim of evaluating the impact of galactic and solar high-energy particles on Metis. Methods. A Python tool named REBECCA has been developed for the automated analysis of the Metis cosmic-ray matrices. The number of observed particle tracks is compared to Monte Carlo simulations of the Metis VL bidimensional CMOS sensor used as a particle detector. Results. We present the modulation of the GCR energy spectrum from 2020 through 2024 above 100 MeV. The dynamics of two intense SEP events is also reported. Monte Carlo simulations indicate that the composition of particles in the cosmic-ray matrices is dominated by protons. Going from solar minimum to maximum, an increase in particles produced by cosmic rays in the spacecraft material surrounding Metis was observed. Conversely, during the whole evolution of SEP events, protons made up more than 90% of the particles. These observations were gathered near the ecliptic during a positive polarity epoch of the global solar magnetic field. Analogous studies will be conducted during the negative polarity epoch, within 1 au, both above and below the ecliptic plane, throughout the remaining duration of the mission.

Astronomy and AstrophysicsVol. 705
University of Trieste (IT), University of Graz (AT), Universidad de Alcalá (ES), University of Urbino (IT), Royal Observatory of Belgium (BE), Special Astrophysical Observatory (RU), Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory (IT), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics (IT), Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (IT), Trieste Astronomical Observatory (IT), Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte (IT), Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE), International School of Trieste (IT), Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences (PT), Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (IT), Istituto di Fisiologia Clinica (IT), Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (DE), Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania (IT), FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (CZ), Conservatorio di Musica "Giuseppe Verdi" (IT), Astronomy and Space (AU), Université Gustave Eiffel (FR), Milwaukee Public Schools (US), University of Florence (IT)
Openalex Percentile: Top 75%
Solar and Space Plasma Dynamics
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