CTAO LST–1 observations of magnetar SGR 1935+2154: Deep limits on sub-second bursts and persistent tera-electronvolt emission
Context. The Galactic magnetar SGR 1935+2154 has exhibited prolific high-energy (HE) bursting activity in recent years. Aims. Investigating its potential tera-electronvolt counterpart could provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of magnetar emission and very high-energy (VHE) processes in extreme astrophysical environments. We aim to search for a possible tera-electronvolt counterpart to both its persistent and sub-second-scale burst emission. Methods. We analysed over 25 hour of observations from the Large-Sized Telescope prototype (LST−1) of the Cherenkov Telescope Array Observatory (CTAO) during periods of HE activity from SGR 1935+2154 in 2021 and 2022 to search for persistent emission. For bursting emission, we selected and analysed nine 0.1 s time windows centred around known short X-ray bursts, targeting potential sub-second-scale tera-electronvolt counterparts in a low-photon-statistics regime. Results. While no persistent or bursting emission was detected in our search, we establish upper limits for the tera-electronvolt emission of a short magnetar burst simultaneous to its soft gamma-ray flux. Specifically, for the brightest burst in our sample, the ratio between tera-electronvolt and X-ray flux is ≲10 −3 . Conclusions. The non-detection of either persistent or bursting tera-electronvolt emission from SGR 1935+2154 suggests that if such components exist, they may occur under specific conditions not covered by our observations. This aligns with theoretical predictions of VHE components in magnetar-powered fast radio bursts and the detection of MeV–GeV emission in giant magnetar flares. These findings underscore the potential of magnetars, fast radio bursts, and other fast transients as promising candidates for future observations in the low-photon-statistics regime with Imaging Atmospheric Cherenkov Telescopes, particularly with the CTAO.
Authors
- M. Linhoff (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7993-8189)
- Patrick Günther (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9135-7819)
- M. Seglar-Arroyo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8654-409X)
- M. Pech
- A. K. H. Kong (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5105-344X)
- S. Gallozzi (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4456-9875)
- D. Nieto (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3343-0755)
- V. Rizi
- Matteo Balbo (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6556-3344)
- Pedro L. Luque‐Escamilla (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3306-9456)
- K. Hirotani
- O. Kalashev (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7982-1842)
- K. Mannheim
- M. Chikawa
- M. Heller
- T. Schweizer
- C. Alispach
- O. Martinez
- Georgios Gerasimos Voutsinas
- P. Bordas (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0266-8536)
- V. Karas
- Gabriele Panebianco (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3410-8613)
- E. Molina (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1204-5516)
- Francesco Gabriele Saturni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1946-7706)
- S. Marchesi
- Michael Dellaiera (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5221-0240)
- Alvaro Mas-Aguilar (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8893-9009)
- C. Bigongiari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3293-8522)
- Juliane van Scherpenberg (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6173-867X)
- S. Abe (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7250-3596)
- Y. Chai
- S. Mereghetti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3259-7801)
- Y. Sato
- C. Díaz
- Gonzalo Rodriguez Fernandez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4683-230X)
- Hidetoshi Sano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2062-5692)
- Kazunori Kohri (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-8612)
- M. Mariotti (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3297-4128)
- Ivana Batković (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1209-2542)
- F. Marini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2374-6433)
- G. Manicò
- C. Delgado Mendez (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7014-4101)
- A. Iuliano (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6087-9633)
- Daniel Morcuende (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9400-0922)
- J. Sitarek (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1659-5374)
- M. Dalchenko
- Leonardo Orsini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3446-8969)
- Laura Eisenberger
- S. Vercellone
- Dušan Mandát (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-7468)
- Aya Bamba (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0890-4920)
- T. Miener
- U. Barres de Almeida (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-588X)
- D. Horns (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1945-0119)
- J. Cortina
- K. Cheng
- V. Savchenko (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6353-0808)
- G. Lamanna (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2307-0023)
- E. Bernardini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3108-1141)
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- F. Podobnik (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6125-9487)
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- Enrique Mestre Guillen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3968-1782)
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- D. Gasparrini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5064-9495)
- Katsuaki Asano
- A. Lorini
- G. Bonnoli (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2464-9077)
- R. de Menezes
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- F. Schiavone (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6880-3043)
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- Wenda Zhang
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- V. Sliusar
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- S. Loporchio
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Institutions
- University of Siena (IT)
- Yamagata University (JP)
- Hiroshima University (JP)
- University of Geneva (CH)
- University of Rome Tor Vergata (IT)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Obayashi (Japan) (JP)
- Universidad Complutense de Madrid (ES)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Aoyama Gakuin University (JP)
- Tokai University (JP)
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (JP)
- École Polytechnique (FR)
- University of Rijeka (HR)
- University of Turku (FI)
- Universität Hamburg (DE)
- Chiba University (JP)
- Konan University (JP)
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (IN)
- Tokyo University of Science (JP)
- Institute for High Energy Physics (ES)
- Universidad de Alcalá (ES)
- Universidad de Jaén (ES)
- Chungnam National University (KR)
- Homi Bhabha National Institute (IN)
- TU Dortmund University (DE)
- Université Paris Cité (FR)
- Aix-Marseille Université (FR)
- Kyoto University (JP)
- Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BG)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (FR)
- Université Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Laboratoire d’Annecy de Physique des Particules (FR)
- Astronomical Observatory of Rome (IT)
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Astronomical Institute (CZ)
- Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR)
- Brera Astronomical Observatory (IT)
- Machine Intelligence Research Institute (US)
- University of Łódź (PL)
- Sorbonne Université (FR)
- Osservatorio astronomico di Bologna (IT)
- Astrophysique, Instrumentation et Modélisation (FR)
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Bologna (IT)
- Sendai National College of Technology (JP)
- Max Planck Institute for Physics (DE)
- Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (ES)
- Toyokawa City Hospital (JP)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino (IT)
- Institute of Particle Physics (CA)
- Institute for Space Astrophysics and Planetology (IT)
- Laboratoire de Physique de Clermont Auvergne (FR)
- Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (FR)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova (IT)
- Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica di Milano (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Napoli (IT)
- RIKEN (JP)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Bari (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Roma Tor Vergata (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania (IT)
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy (BG)
- FZU ‒ Institute of Physics of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic (CZ)
- Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (BR)
- Iron Mountain (United States) (US)
- Universidad del Azuay (EC)
- CEA Paris-Saclay (FR)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (ES)
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules (FR)
- Hamburg Institut (Germany) (DE)
- Astronomy and Space (AU)
- Port d'Informació Científica (ES)
- Gran Sasso Science Institute (IT)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Trieste (IT)
- Institute of Physical and Organic Chemistry (BY)
- CTA Observatory (IT)
- Earth and Space Research (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma I (IT)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (ES)
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pisa (IT)
- Institut de Recherche sur les Lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (FR)
- Gifu University (JP)
- Lamarr Institute for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence
- University of Osijek (HR)
- University of Turin (IT)
- Nagoya University (JP)
- Ibaraki University (JP)
- Kitasato University (JP)
- Polytechnic University of Bari (IT)
- Palacký University Olomouc (CZ)
- Université Savoie Mont Blanc (FR)
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Saitama University (JP)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Clemson University (US)
- Tokyo International University (JP)
- National Institute for Astrophysics (IT)
- University of Palermo (IT)
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- Tokushima University (JP)
- University of Split (HR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Published
- 2025-11-25
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202555431
- Primary Topic
- Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Sveučilište u Zagrebu
- Comunidad de Madrid
- Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades
- Centres de Recerca de Catalunya
- Universidad de La Laguna
- European Commission
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung
- Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
- Ministerstvo Školství, Mládeže a Tělovýchovy
- Generalitat de Catalunya
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Narodowe Centrum Nauki
- Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost
- Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
- Fundação Araucária
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación
- Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
- Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información
- Sveučilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku
- Junta de Andalucía
- Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
- Staatssekretariat für Bildung, Forschung und Innovation
- European Regional Development Fund
- Agencia Estatal de Investigación
- Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules
- Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, University of Tokyo