Surgical interventions for patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

This systematic review and network meta-analysis found that endoscopic surgery and minimally invasive puncture surgery were associated with lower mortality and better functional outcomes compared with other interventions. However, the certainty of evidence was limited due to heterogeneity in patient populations and treatment protocols. More definitive conclusions will require future large-scale, rigorously designed RCTs that standardise protocols and minimise confounding factors.