Educational Disparities of Daily Smoking in Estonia: an Age-Period-Cohort Approach

Despite the general decline of daily smoking prevalence in Estonia over the last three decades, significant educational inequalities persist. Individuals with lower educational levels consistently show a higher risk of smoking across all ages, time periods, and birth cohorts. Additionally, the declining trend does not apply to females with low education, for whom rates remain stable or are increasing, and the relative disparities in smoking between educational groups are widening for both males and females. Smoking prevention should focus more on lower-educated groups.