Exploring the Challenges for Artificial Intelligence Adoption and Implementation in EU Public Administrations. Results from a Case Study Analysis

This study explores the challenges public organisations face when adopting and implementing artificial intelligence (AI) solutions, based on insights from eight European case studies. Building on and refining the foundational categorisation by Wirtz et al. (2019), our analysis positions “AI trustworthiness” as a core, cross-cutting challenge that interlinks societal acceptance, regulatory compliance, technological feasibility, and organisational practices. Furthermore, the study introduces “AI organisational and cultural change” as a distinct, previously underexplored category, highlighting the adjustments required in organisational structures and culture for successful AI integration. The findings also underscore differences between the challenges emerging during initial AI adoption phases and those surfacing once systems become operational. Finally, the study offers practical recommendations for policymakers and practitioners to effectively manage the complexities of AI integration in the public sector.