Clinical and immunological aspects of soy allergy: Current research analysis

Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying soy allergy, focusing on the roles of Gly m 4 (profilin), Gly m 5 and Gly m 6 (β-Conglycinin), and Gly m 8 (2S albumin) in severe systemic reactions, and to assess current diagnostic methods and treatment prospects. The methodology included a theoretical analysis of scientific literature detailing the structural features of Gly m allergens, the effectiveness of component-resolved diagnostics, and the outcomes of allergen-specific immunotherapy using modified proteins. The study identified Gly m 8 as a critical protein associated with severe systemic reactions due to its high thermal stability, which is retained even after heat processing of soy products. This finding underscores its importance as a diagnostic marker for severe soy allergies. The effectiveness of component-resolved diagnostics in distinguishing primary sensitization to Gly m 8 from cross-reactivity with other legumes or pollen allergens was confirmed, thereby reducing the likelihood of false-positive results. Additionally, fermentation of Gly m proteins demonstrated efficacy in reducing allergenicity, presenting opportunities for the development of hypoallergenic soy-based products suitable for the food industry. The potential application of modified proteins in allergen-specific immunotherapy was explored, showing promise in mitigating severe allergic reactions and enhancing the quality of life for patients with soy sensitization. The practical significance of this study lies in its contribution to advancing diagnostic techniques and therapeutic approaches, ultimately helping to reduce the risk of severe allergic reactions and improving patient outcomes.