Photoactivated nano-graphene oxide enhanced polymethyl methacrylate: Mechanical and anti-biofilm properties for orthodontic applications

Photoactivated nGO-PMMA composites exhibit a critical trade-off between mechanical and anti-biofilm properties. The 1-2 % nGO provide the optimal balance, maintaining ISO-compliant mechanical performance while delivering clinically significant biofilm reduction. Concentrations exceeding 5 %, despite superior anti-biofilm efficacy, compromise mechanical integrity below clinically acceptable thresholds for orthodontic devices.