Carbene transfer reactions enabled by heterogeneous metal catalysis

Carbene transfer reactions are powerful tools for constructing both carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds in organic synthesis. While homogeneous catalysts have achieved remarkable success in diverse transformations such as cyclopropanation and X-H insertion, heterogeneous systems offer distinct advantages, including enhanced recyclability, stability, and tuneable selectivity. This review summarizes recent advances in heterogeneous transition-metal-catalyzed carbene transformations, with particular emphasis on catalyst design, mechanistic insights, and synthetic applications.