Ecotoxicological and disintegration assessment of laminated bioplastic packaging

Polymeric films are widely used in processed-food packaging to preserve products and extend shelf life. Fossil-based polymers dominate the market due to low cost and favorable properties; however, their persistence in the environment raises serious pollution concerns. As a result, interest in biodegradable alternatives has grown. Bioplastics, whether compostable or not, are particularly promising for short-life applications, such as food packaging. This study evaluates the disintegration of two laminated bioplastic structures under controlled composting conditions. Laminated sample 1 (L1) consisted of transparent NatureFlex – 25 NK (S1), metalized NatureFlex – 20 NK, and polybutylene succinate (S2). Laminated sample 2 (L2) was composed of 25 NK (S1), 20 NK, and poly(butylene adipate-co-terphthalate)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) blend. Phytotoxicity of the resulting disintegration fragments was also assessed. Disintegration followed DIN EN 14045:2003, being evaluated through Lactuca sativa bioassays. Samples were further characterized using differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Both L1 and L2 exhibited similar disintegration rates. Although seed germination was unaffected, L2 concentrates significantly reduced radicle and hypocotyl growth. Overall, both laminated structures demonstrated favorable disintegration and produced nonphytotoxic residues in compost, highlighting their potential as sustainable alternatives with commercial advantages for the food packaging industry.