Perceptions of sexual violence among adolescents and youth in Senegal and Ghana: Insights into normalization, victim-blaming and prospective behavior

This study explores the perceptions of adolescents (10-19 years) and youth (20-24) toward sexual violence in Senegal and Ghana, their attitudes, and expected behaviors when witnessing such violence. The purpose of this paper is to add to the emerging literature on context-specific, gendered, and age-related norms surrounding sexual violence. Using a mixed-method approach, this study combined a survey (<i><i>n</i> =</i> 1425) with semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and photovoice with adolescents and youth. Results show that youth felt better informed than adolescents (71% vs. 31% in Ghana, <i>p</i> < 0.001; 68% vs. 57% in Senegal, <i>p</i> < 0.001). In Senegal, many believed sexual violence should not be openly discussed. Both countries showed evidence of normalization and victim-blaming influenced by socio-cultural practices. Youth in both countries were more willing to report violence but also showed more acceptance of intimate partner violence. The findings suggest that attitudes towards sexual violence are associated with contextual factors and community norms. Despite normalization, there seems to be potential for attitude change and better reporting. Programs should engage adolescents early, focusing on awareness, empowerment, and challenging victim-blaming while respecting cultural contexts.