Graphene/MOFs heterostructure enabled by interfacial charge-dipole coupling for multidimensional terahertz thermal modulation

We report a graphene/metal organic framework (MOFs) heterostructure integrated metasurfaces (MS@GrMOF) for multidimensional terahertz (THz) wave modulation and high-sensitivity thermal sensing. The device combines monolayer graphene with MOFs, exploiting interfacial charge transfer, Fermi-level tuning, and dielectric polarization to achieve enhanced amplitude, frequency, and phase modulation under thermal induction. Compared with graphene-only metasurfaces (MS@Gr), MS@GrMOF exhibits pronounced resonance frequency shifts up to 245 GHz and significant amplitude variations. Phase reconstruction based on the <i>Kramers-Kronig</i> relation was employed to quantify the phase modulation under different temperatures, enabling evaluation of thermal modulation across three dimensions. The maximum sensitivities of the temperature sensor are 0.39%/K (amplitude), 3.4 GHz/K (frequency), and 3.74°/K (phase), demonstrating efficient multidimensional modulation. These results highlight the strong potential of MS@GrMOF for reconfigurable THz devices, intelligent optoelectronic systems, and advanced thermal sensing applications. This work underscores the synergistic integration of graphene and MOFs as a robust strategy to achieve high-efficiency, multidimensional modulation in next-generation THz technologies.