The relationship between subjective shoulder discomfort and quantitative humeral head translation in baseball players; cross-sectional study

While anterior translation appears to be an adaptation to support external rotation, posterior translation may related to subjective feelings of instability in baseball players with scapular dyskinesis. Ultrasound imaging enabled precise quantification of subtle translation differences, offering a valuable tool for detecting early signs of shoulder dysfunction. These findings highlight the importance of assessing posterior humeral head translation in athletes reporting discomfort, which may aid in developing more targeted rehabilitation strategies and prevent progression to clinically evident instability.