Saffron sporopollenin modified with graphene oxide for efficient extraction of acetaminophen from serum using deep eutectic solvent prior to HPLC

A facile and environmentally benign or "green" analytical method was developed for the extraction of acetaminophen (APAP) from human blood serum. Fe₃O₄-saffron stamen sporopollenin/graphene oxide (Fe₃O₄-SSSP/GO) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) were employed as natural adsorbent and desorption components, respectively. The structure of magnetic nanoparticles and DES was investigated through Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The main factors influencing the analytical response were optimized by central composite design (CCD). Under the optimum conditions, the linearity of this method ranged from 15.6 to 1500 µg L^{- 1} and 3500-50,000 µg L^{- 1}, with coefficient of determinations (R²) of 0.991 and 0.993, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 6.3%. The limits of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 5.1 to 15.6 µg L^{- 1}. The developed method has been successfully applied to the quantification of APAP in spiked samples of blood serum, with recoveries between 81% and 98.2%. The developed method shows significant potential for the bioanalysis of APAP in medical laboratories, given its green characteristics and satisfactory performance metrics.