Uncovering streams, dreams, and dilemmas: A case study analyzing trade-offs and justice in the urban stream daylighting of Tibbetts Brook in New York City, USA

Daylighting urban waterways is one form of nature-based solution (NBS) gaining attention amongst cities internationally. Urban daylighting – which involves removing historically buried waterways from underground pipes and bringing them back to the surface – is an intensive form of NBS which can address urban stormwater management, reduce combined-sewage overflow issues, improve riparian habitat, and increase biodiversity. The process of reinserting a waterway in an urban environment makes urban daylighting an important context for analyzing urban NBS trade-offs and the associated justice implications. We use a typology of trade-offs – rigid, governance and functional trade-offs – intersected with a socio-ecological justice lens to critically approach and understand the implications of trade-offs in urban daylighting projects. We apply this framework to the contemporary case study of daylighting Tibbetts Brook in The Bronx, New York City. Data was collected through interviews with stakeholders involved in the project, and street interviews, to capture the perceptions of trade-offs related to daylighting. We find governance trade-offs related to the process of including local community, and choices between accessibility and ecological functioning. Additionally, we identify functional trade-offs related to daylighting as infrastructural upgrades or maximized ecological benefits, considerations of future use and impacts, and the trade-off between novel and landscaped ecosystems. We examine the differentiated socio-ecological justice dilemmas associated with the trade-offs for diverse groups, including non-human nature. Moreover, we indicate how wider policy and social drivers interconnect and shape the trade-offs in daylighting Tibbetts Brook. Overall, we highlight the socio-ecological benefits that daylighting can provide, as well as the complexity of daylighting in cities and the interconnected infrastructural, social and ecological factors which create justice dilemmas. • Urban daylighting is a complex urban NBS with potential for socio-ecological benefits. • A justice lens reveals differentiated implications and dilemmas of restoring waterways. • Trade-offs are found regarding the governance process and functional design choices. • Social, and policy and planning contexts are driving factors shaping trade-offs. • Urban daylighting balances between controlled water management and restoration efforts.