Further insights into the effects of magnetism and thermal radiation on Al ₂ O ₃ –Cu/engine oil hybrid nanofluid flow in Darcy–Forchheimer porous media

This study addresses the need for efficient thermal management in engineering applications by investigating flow and heat transfer characteristics of nanofluid composed of aluminum oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles dispersed in engine oil over a stretching surface. The objective is to analyze the combined effects of magnetic fields, porous media, and thermal radiation on heat and mass transfer. The governing nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations, incorporating Darcy–Forchheimer drag and radiative heat flux, are transformed into the ordinary differential equations under convective boundary conditions and resolved numerically using the BVP4c scheme. The results indicate that increasing magnetic field strength and Forchheimer drag reduce fluid velocity, while higher nanoparticle volume fractions enhance thermal conductivity and temperature distribution. The study also shows improvements in Nusselt numbers and reductions in Sherwood numbers, highlighting enhanced heat transfer and moderated mass transfer. These findings demonstrate that the Al 2 O 3 –Cu/engine oil nanofluid can significantly improve heat transfer efficiency, making it a promising candidate for advanced thermal management systems in industrial applications.