Application of holographic imaging combined with real-time ultrasound-guided robot-assisted partial nephrectomy in the treatment of completely endophytic renal tumours: a retrospective cohort study comparing with pure laparoscopic surgery

The RAPN platform, when integrated with holographic imaging and real-time ultrasound guidance, demonstrates significant advantages in treating completely endophytic renal tumour. This integrated robotic approach offers a precise and minimally invasive solution for complex cases. Study limitations include its retrospective design, and a phase III RCT (N≥200) is recommended to validate long-term outcomes.