The role and development path of nongovernment organizations in the governance of toothfish fisheries

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to clarify the role of NGOs in this governance and consider the dynamics among fishing nations from the NGOs’ perspective. Design/methodology/approach This study examines the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in managing toothfish fisheries. The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) has established specific procedures for NGOs seeking observer status. These NGOs collaborate with CCAMLR to create Conservation Measures for Antarctic fisheries. NGOs without observer status can still influence and enforce guidelines to protect toothfish fisheries. The study concludes that NGOs play a crucial role in managing Antarctic fisheries. However, the inability of CCAMLR member states to reach a consensus has hindered progress in recent years. Findings NGOs have played a significant role in the governance process, bringing about numerous changes to CCAMLR. Over years of governance practice, the path for NGOs to become CCAMLR observers has become increasingly mature, and the approval for this status has been gradually accelerated. In the future, more internationally influential NGOs may be included as CCAMLR observers to take part in the governance of toothfish fisheries more directly. As the impact of climate change on fishery resources intensifies, NGOs have seen a gradual decline in their influence within CCAMLR. However, they continue to serve as key intermediaries in shaping international public discourse by disseminating information. Originality/value The originality of the paper lies in its detailed examination of the various modes and organizational forms of NGO engagement in Antarctic fisheries governance. It contrasts the roles of different NGOs and provides insights into their impact on the management measures of regional fisheries management organizations The paper also explores the limitations of NGOs in international negotiations and their ability to influence the decision-making process within CCAMLR. Overall, the paper offers valuable perspectives on the role of NGOs in toothfish fisheries governance and contributes to the understanding of their significance in promoting sustainable fishing practices and conservation efforts.