Asteroseismology and Dynamics Reveal Interior Structure and Coeval Evolution in the Triply Post-main-sequence System DG Leo

Abstract δ Scuti stars in binary or multiple systems serve as crucial probes for studying stellar pulsation and evolution. However, many such systems are not ideal for asteroseismology due to uncertainties in mass transfer with close companions and the challenges of dynamically measuring all components’ physical properties. The triple system DG Leo, comprising an inner binary and a distant δ Scuti star, is an ideal target due to its well-separated pulsator. By combining new TESS photometry with archival spectroscopy, our dynamical analysis shows that the system’s three components share similar masses, radii, and luminosities within errors, occupying coincident Hertzsprung–Russell diagram positions, indicative of coeval evolution. By fitting seven observed δ Scuti frequencies through asteroseismic modeling with dynamically constrained theoretical grids, we simultaneously trace the pulsating star’s evolution and constrain the triple system’s evolutionary stage, with the derived fundamental parameters showing consistency with the dynamical solutions. Our analysis reveals that all three components of DG Leo are in the post-main-sequence phase, with a system age of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mn>0.766</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>4</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.1258</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.1402</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> Gyr. Additionally, the δ Scuti component shows multiple nonradial modes with significant mixed-character frequencies, providing precise constraints on its convective core extent ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">cz</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mi>R</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.056</mml:mn> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.0021</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.0137</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> ).