Long-wave Infrared polarization characteristics of airport runways target in hazy based on the PG-BM model

Haze degrades ground target perception accuracy of airport runways facilities and restricts low-altitude visual range. To complement the limitations of the visible spectrum, this study focuses on the long-wave infrared polarization characteristics of airport runways in hazy environments.To address the limitations of conventional long-wave infrared bidirectional polarization distribution function (BPDF) models-particularly their inadequate handling of large-angle reflections and environmental scattering-this study improves a semi-empirical BPDF model based on the P-G and modified B-M frameworks. The proposed model integrates reflective, scattering, and radiative properties, effectively resolving issues such as excessive large-angle reflectivity and environmental scattering effects.An experimental haze-environment platform was constructed to conduct polarimetric measurements on four typical airport runways materials: cement, bitumen, oxirene, and acrylic resin. The results were validated through field tests on an actual runway. Using genetic algorithms to invert key parameters, we obtained the polarized reflectance distributions of these materials at 30 °C, 40 °C, and 50 °C (covering both natural temperature variations and artificial heat source scenarios)- as functions of incident, view, and relative azimuth angles.The results show that the degree of linear polarization (DoLP) peaks at view zenith angles between 45°-75° and a relative azimuth angle of 180° for all four runway materials. At 87° view zenith (optimal aircraft glide slope angle), the DoLP reaches values on the order of 10^-3. Under hazy conditions, the proposed model achieved a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0430, compared to 0.0574 for the traditional P-G model and 0.0594 for the traditional B-M model, maximum accuracy improvement to 30.59%. The coefficient of determination (R²) reached 0.92, and the confidence level in field validation under real runway conditions attained 83.93%.