The space evolution of pit-type cave dwellings ( <i>Dikeng Yaodong)</i> : a case study of Yaodi Village, Sanmenxia, China

This study analysed the spatial changes in pit-type cave dwellings due to spontaneous renovations initiated by villagers since the 1980s through spatial analysis on 61 pit-type cave dwellings in Yaodi Village, focusing on spatial composition and spatial configuration. The results revealed the following: (1) the modified pit-type cave dwellings have maintained their essential spatial characteristics within one living unit; (2) Pit-type cave dwellings generally reinforce the boundaries between units through physical elements, weakening the connections between the living units. Combined with socio-environmental changes，the analysis results and discussion confirm the spontaneous modifications of pit-type cave dwellings should be treated as a space evolution rather than a destruction. Moreover, the tendency for separation among modified dwellings should be seen as spatial manifestations of the concepts of “private” and “public” subject to the influence of the changes of functional use and land use transfers. This offers a perspective for recognizing and understanding the conservation and development of pit-type cave dwellings today. Ultimately, the pit-type cave dwellings should be seen as a dynamic evolutionary process rather than a static material object and a way of participating in social change, rather than merely a reflection of the superstructure.