The effects of neuromodulation interventions on the eating behaviors of patients with eating disorders compared to healthy controls, sham therapies, and other therapeutic approaches: A systematic review

Noninvasive stimulation methods effectively reduced cravings and impulsivity, showing more consistent improvements in BN and BED than in weight restoration for AN. Overall, this pattern replicates recent review reports. However, variations in study designs, stimulation protocols, and outcome measures may undermine the reliability of these conclusions and complicate comparisons across studies. Future studies should be adequately powered, multisession, with durability endpoints, and target and dose refinement.