Digital Dental Radiology and Diagnostics—From <scp>2D</scp> to <scp>3D</scp>

Digital dental radiology has evolved significantly from traditional two-dimensional (2D) imaging to advanced three-dimensional (3D) modalities such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). This progression has overcome many limitations of 2D imaging, including superimposition and distortion, enabling more accurate visualisation of complex anatomical structures. Despite CBCT's higher radiation dose compared to 2D imaging, ongoing advances in low-dose protocols and artefact reduction algorithms have expanded its clinical applications. Integration with digital tools such as intraoral scanners and CAD/CAM systems has further enhanced its utility in guided implant surgery, orthodontic appliance design, and forensic dentistry. Emerging artificial intelligence technologies promise to improve image analysis, diagnostic accuracy, and workflow efficiency. Emphasising radiation safety and careful imaging selection remains essential. Additionally, magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound are gaining attention as non-ionising imaging alternatives, offering valuable soft tissue assessment complementary to CBCT's strengths in hard tissue evaluation. Together, these innovations reflect the crucial change in dental diagnostics from 2D to 3D imaging, advancing patient care through improved accuracy and comprehensive treatment planning.