A Determination of Suitable Zones for Settlements Based on Multi-Criteria Analysis: A Case Study of Goranci (Bosnia and Herzegovina)

A UAV LiDAR dataset offers unparalleled possibilities for accurate topographic modeling and land suitability analysis in spatial planning. This study uses UAV LiDAR for high-resolution DSM and DTM modeling of the Goranci area in Bosnia and Herzegovina—a typical karst region with a complex topographic pattern of sinkholes and varying solar access. Based on the dataset obtained with a UAV LiDAR system, this analysis encompasses a multidimensional spatial analysis that considers a set of topographic–morphometric, hydrological, and solar radiation criteria. A set of topographic derivatives, namely, slope layers; topographic position index layers (TPI); layers of terrain ruggedness index (TRI); layers of topographic wetness index (TWI), sky view factors (SVF), and layers of potential incoming solar radiation (PISR), was obtained for the DTM/DSM datasets and normalized for standard scales. The obtained criteria layers were then assigned specific values based on their relative importance using a multi-criteria decision analysis technique with a weighted linear combination procedure. A suitability index pinpointing gently sloping lands with adequate solar access and avoidance of moisture accumulation sinks can be recognized as the best-qualifying loci for habitation. The results show that about 30% of the area is highly or very highly suitable, primarily representing gently sloping, well-drained, and optimally solar-exposed plateau surfaces, potential locations with high ground elevation, and larger area sizes. Another 14% is moderately suited, and more than 50% is classified as unsuitable or excluded, primarily due to steep slopes, depressions, and/or missing coverage by LiDAR points, thereby underlining the decisive role of slope, solar conditions, and drainage conditions in determining land suitability for settlements. This study has proved that a UAV LiDAR dataset can be successfully paired with Open-Source GIS for a methodologically sound location of settlement zones that fit into the local environment while being environmentally friendly. This solution promotes informed spatial decision-making by utilizing topographic accuracy of a 3D landscape with a procedure of quantitative spatial reasoning for a more informed spatial planning.