Identifying urban green space health priorities using asymmetric impact performance analysis in Kangbashi district Ordos China

Urban green spaces (UGS) are essential to improving public health, promoting well-being, and fostering sustainable urban living. While numerous studies have explored the health benefits of green spaces, few have addressed how to scientifically determine construction priorities for urban green healthy spaces (UGHS). This study investigates residents' satisfaction with UGHS in Kangbashi District, Ordos City--a representative urban area in northern China characterized by high-standard green infrastructure and rapid development as a planned "new town" model--to identify key environmental attributes and establish improvement priorities. Using a structured questionnaire survey, we collected data on attributes related to residents' health, well-being, and social interaction. A combination of the Delphi method and Asymmetric Impact-Performance Analysis (AIPA) was applied to evaluate both the performance and impact asymmetry of each UGHS attribute. The results revealed that residents' satisfaction with UGHS is asymmetric, and different attributes have varying effects on satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Among the evaluated attributes, biodiversity, accessibility, number and area of activity places and facilities, and privacy were identified as low-performing but high-impact factors. These attributes should be prioritized in future UGHS development. This study demonstrates the utility of the AIPA method in green space evaluation and provides practical insights for guiding health-oriented and sustainable urban green space planning, particularly in emerging cities across northern China.