Cooling Performance of Night Ventilation and Climate Adaptation of Vernacular Buildings in the Turpan Basin with an Extremely Hot–Arid Climate

This study investigates the cooling potential of night ventilation and the climate adaptability of local vernacular buildings in the Turpan basin, aiming to identify passive energy-saving design strategies. A rural building with an air-drying shelter was selected for summer indoor environment measurements (two stages: all-day window closure vs. night ventilation), and a numerical model was established to simulate the impacts of window-to-wall ratio and window shading projection factor on the indoor environment. Results indicate that night ventilation introduces cool outdoor air to replace indoor hot air, cools building components, improves thermal comfort, and reduces cooling energy demand. Without additional cooling technology, increasing the window-to-wall ratio lowers nighttime temperatures but increases Degree Discomfort Hours, while appropriately sized shading devices mitigate daytime overheating from larger windows. Benefiting from the high thermal storage capacity of earth-appressed walls, semi-underground rooms offer better comfort with lower temperatures and higher humidity; for aboveground rooms, orientation is critical due to intense solar radiation. The air-drying shelter reduces solar radiant heat absorption and inhibits convective/radiative heat transfer on the roof’s external surface, significantly lowering its temperature from noon to midnight. This leads to notable reductions in the roof’s internal surface temperature (1.02 °C in the sealed stage, 2.09 °C during night ventilation) and the average indoor temperature (1.70 °C).