Constraining deviations from $$\varLambda $$CDM in the Hubble expansion rate
Abstract The $$\varLambda $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> </mml:math> CDM cosmological model has long been regarded as highly successful in accurately describing a wide range of astronomical observations. However, numerous observational findings have also provided hints of discrepancies from the predictions of the $$\varLambda $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> </mml:math> CDM framework. We explore a phenomenological model that quantifies the deviation of the Hubble expansion rate from the standard scenario, which is expressed as $$H^{2}(z) = H^{2}_\mathrm{\varLambda CDM}(\varOmega _m, z)[1+\delta (z)]$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>H</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>CDM</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>Ω</mml:mi> <mml:mi>m</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>[</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>]</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . We consider three distinct forms for the deviation parameter $$\delta (z)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> : in model I, $$\delta (z)=\delta _c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> ; in model II, $$\delta (z)=\delta _{c}z/(1+z)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> , and in model III, $$\delta (z)=\delta _{c}\textrm{ln}(1+z)$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> <mml:mtext>ln</mml:mtext> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> . Here, $$\delta _c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> represents a constant value. We utilize a comprehensive set of observational data to constrain the models. Our results show that for most combined datasets, $$\delta _c$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>δ</mml:mi> <mml:mi>c</mml:mi> </mml:msub> </mml:math> tends to take on negative values for models I and II, while consistently taking positive values in model III. Furthermore, we find that both models I and II remain consistent with the standard $$\varLambda $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>Λ</mml:mi> </mml:math> </jats:inline-formul
Authors
- Yupeng Yang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2289-3957)
Institutions
- Qufu Normal University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- The European Physical Journal C
- Published
- 2025-11-24
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-15088-8
- Citations
- 6
- Primary Topic
- Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 6.93
Funders
- Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province