The Effects of Antipsychotics on Brain Structure

Schizophrenia, defined by the presence of delusions, hallucinations, and flat affect, is more commonly seen alongside depression, anxiety, and substance misuse in patients. Antipsychotics, including second-generation antipsychotics olanzapine, clozapine, and risperidone, are prescribed to control symptoms of schizophrenia, and function through the antagonism and agonism of various receptors including D2, 5-HT2C, 5-HT2A, and 5-HT1A. The effects of antipsychotics are widespread and often include varying impacts to multiple cerebral areas and functions such as measured cortical thickness, regional homogeneity, and volume of numerous brain components like the caudate, putamen, and gray matter. This study aimed to analyze the widespread effects of antipsychotic use on various brain structures based on a review of current scientific literature. Our review revealed that impacts to brain function were widely varied, showing a need for more robust clinical research. A comprehensive understanding of the effects on brain structures of antipsychotics will help to guide medical professionals in the treatment and management of psychosis-related syndromes.