Androgen receptor localization in human oral mucosa: Implications for hypospadias surgery

Human OM exhibits limited androgen responsiveness, raising concerns about its ability to adapt to pubertal growth when used as a graft material in hypospadias surgery. Although current evidence on OM graft behavior during puberty is limited and biased, the relationship between androgen receptor expression and postoperative complications remains unclear. Further prospective studies are needed to assess the suitability of OM grafts and clarify the role of AR in hypospadias repair. (revised as suggested by Reviewer #3).