Trends and disparities in antenatal care utilization: A multilevel analysis of four-plus and eight-plus ANC visits among urban women in Ethiopia

Significant disparities in ANC (ANC4+ and ANC8+) utilization persist across wealth, education and regions in urban Ethiopia. Wealth status was the strongest predictor, with non-poor women steadily advantaged. Maternal education, age, media exposure, and marital status also showed positive associations, while regional disparities persisted, with Addis Ababa outperforming other urban areas. Improving ANC uptake requires targeted interventions for urban poor women, alongside media-based awareness and educational initiatives.