A Comprehensive Characterisation of Mycelium-Based Biomaterials Developed from Panus ciliatus and P. subfasciatus (Panaceae, Polyporales)

Mushroom mycelium-based biomaterials (MMBs) are sustainable materials derived from fungal species and lignocellulosic substrates. In this study, fresh specimens of <i>Panus ciliatus</i> and <i>P. subfasciatus</i> collected from mixed deciduous forests in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, were identified through a combination of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses based on the ITS region. <i>Panus ciliatus</i> is reported as a new geographical record from Thailand. This is the first comprehensive study on MMB samples developed using mycelia of these species and rubber sawdust for their physical, mechanical, hydrodynamic, and chemical properties. Additional analyses included FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, flammability testing, and soil burial degradability. Based on the material properties and successfully developed prototypes, the MMBs are potential in packaging, indoor uses, construction, and insulation purposes, as an alternative to conventional synthetic materials. Notably, Ashby chart of mechanical properties showed the MMB could substitute foam. Thermogravimetric analysis of MMB showed thermal stability with weight loss approximately 50-60% at 293-298 °C. Soil burial of MMB for 90 days shows cumulative weight loss exceeding 60% proving biodegradable. Additionally, a new approach for mycelial viability maintenance is described and verified, addressing the problem to maintain vigorous mycelium.