Field-Relevant High Stokes Number Study of Particle Impacts in High-Speed Compressor via Engine Test

Exposure of propulsion gas turbines to inlet flow contaminated with dust, sand, or ash particulates can lead to a myriad of complex and interrelated damage modes that reduce engine operational life, increase maintenance costs, and pose a safety risk to passengers and hardware assets. Experimental and computational research is ongoing to better understand the fundamental physics underlying this phenomenon, but data from full-scale engine tests with particles are needed for anchoring and validation under fully representative conditions. In this study, compressor blade/particle interactions are investigated at field-relevant conditions using Rolls-Royce/Allison M250-C20C turboshaft engines in an instrumented engine test cell. A novel experimental dataset was produced, yielding a qualitative visualization of particle impact regions on blades and vanes of an on-engine full six-stage axial compressor at transonic tip speeds for two particle compositions and two inlet particle delivery configurations. This investigation contributes the first experimental dataset of its kind for a rotating frame at transonic blade tip speeds (nominal Mach 1.0). By comparing the resulting impact patterns produced in this work to those of fielded hardware, it is shown that for field-relevant high-Stokes number particle conditions at the first-stage rotor, particle/engine dynamics simplify significantly due to ballistic inertial particle behavior. In addition, the spatial distribution of particle concentration and particle velocities across the compressor inlet plane was found to have only minor effects on the resulting particle/blade impact patterns for the two dust injection configurations tested.