Transboundary Diseases and One Health Approach Implications for Global Health Threats, with Particular Interest in Conservation and Bioterrorism

Among animal diseases, those characterized with transboundary potential enhance their interconnection to the One Health principle. Zoonoses with a higher capacity to spread compared to other diseases with a lower level of transmissibility multiply their potential impact on human populations. The routes and speed of transmission and virulence may also increase the impact on animal health in the zootechnic sector and in wild animals. This risk, especially in endangered species, has the potential to alter biodiversity, negatively affecting the environment. The characteristics of these pathogens represent a global health danger that requires knowledge and the capacity for prevention and control, considering the possibility of natural outbreak occurrence together with the deliberate use of such pathogens as biological weapons for terrorist attacks. Animal pathogens, particularly those with zoonotic potential, have long been considered for use in bioterrorism. International conventions prohibit the use of microbiological and toxin weapons. Furthermore, recent European legislation has also addressed the potential misuse of animal pathogens in bioterrorism. In this context, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Mediterranean (PAM) and its Center for Global Studies are committed to preventing global health threats by promoting transboundary cooperation, especially through a One Health approach that links human, animal, and environmental health. In the face of future emergencies, PAM is also committed to promoting greater information sharing for harmonized legislative frameworks and equitable access to resources, to strengthen the resilience of global health systems, especially in developing countries. In both the past and recent history, various outbreaks have been attributed to proven or alleged bioterrorist attacks targeting human or animal populations. This study discusses the general characteristics of several relevant transboundary diseases. Paying high attention to One Health is of utmost importance. However, for a full understanding, it is necessary to consider all related aspects and implications.