Biomaterials for Dental Pulp Regeneration: Recent Advances, Mechanistic Insights, and Translational Perspectives

In recent years, substantial progress has been made in pulp regeneration therapy. Unlike conventional root canal therapy (RCT) and vital pulp therapy (VPT), pulp regeneration therapy not only restores the physiological structure and function of damaged teeth but also facilitates root development in immature teeth. Biomaterials play a pivotal role in this process, as they must exhibit biocompatibility, suitable pore architecture, and controlled degradability to support both vascular and neural regeneration. With advancements in biomaterial technology, the clinical application of pulp regeneration therapy has achieved remarkable success by closely mimicking the natural pulp microenvironment, offering a more biological approach for treating pulp-related diseases. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the key biological components essential for pulp regeneration and highlights recent innovations in biomaterials for this therapy. Furthermore, we examine the mechanisms through which biomaterials enhance pulp regeneration and suggest potential strategies for further improvement. Finally, we discuss emerging trends and future opportunities in this rapidly evolving field.