Transcription techniques in qualitative research: choices, hazards and solutions

Purpose In this article, we examine the choices, hazards and solutions for transcription processes in qualitative research. We argue that it is essential to interrogate our transcription processes to establish trustworthiness and rigor. We include illustrative data examples and highlight solutions. Design/methodology/approach We focus on transcription processes within a larger qualitative study of the attitudes and experiences of dual language bilingual education teachers. Data collection primarily relied on focus group interviews. All recorded data were transcribed and coded to generate a thematic analysis. Findings We argue that the epistemological and ideological orientations of the researcher(s) can impact how data are transcribed. We highlight transcription challenges and leverage our own data to reveal how transcription problems can lead to inaccurate conclusions. Practical implications We provide practical suggestions for qualitative researchers to improve their transcription practices. Originality/value Even though transcription is a central part of data processing in qualitative research, most empirical studies and popular methods guidebooks offer little guidance, which naturalizes the transition from oral data to written transcript as an objective and technical exercise. In actuality, transcription processes are subjectively guided by the theoretical and epistemological orientations of the researcher. Therefore, it is essential to interrogate transcription practices in order to establish trustworthiness in qualitative research.