Implementing a 30 % area-based target could achieve near-complete biodiversity representation in the Hengduan Mountains, China

Despite their limitations, it is generally accepted that area-based conservation targets are essential. We explored the potential gains in biodiversity representation if the Kunming-Montreal 30% target was implemented to optimal benefit in the Hengduan Mountains (HDM) bioregion, China. Using high high-resolution (5×5 km²) seed plant species distribution and phylogeny, we created a composite index of biodiversity using six commonly used metrics. These priority biodiversity zones were then enhanced by inclusion of centers of paleo- and neo-endemism identified using the CANAPE method. High-value zones of biodiversity and endemism were then compared with existing nature reserve areas to identify priority conservation gaps. The existing nature reserves covering 12% of the HDM represent 57% of total bioregional taxonomic and 41% of phylogenetic diversity. If an additional 18% of total area were located to coincide with eight priority regions identified, we estimate representation of bioregional taxonomic and phylogenetic biodiversity would both exceed 96%. Explicitly incorporating priority biodiversity with centers of endemism showed these do not always coincide spatially and allowed more specific articulation of conservation aims and threatening processes. We conclude that even within this global biodiversity hotspot, with appropriate optimization a 30% area-based conservation target could provide near-complete representation of bioregional biodiversity.