Conforming strategies for bioelectronics on arbitrary surfaces

Bioelectronics has bridged electronics and biological systems to enable advanced monitoring, regulation, and interaction with living organisms, which requires conformal attachment to improve performance. This review focuses on strategies for conforming bioelectronics to complex biosurfaces. We first discuss the theoretical models governing the conformability. Next, we summarise the key strategies, including softness improvement, adhesion enhancement, and Gaussian curvature mismatch reduction. Finally, we conclude the current strategies and provide several future directions.