Recent Advances of Electrochemical Sensors Based on Carbon-Based Nanoparticles for Dental Infection and Periodontitis Detection

Effective treatment, lower long-term expenses, and the avoidance of significant consequences, such as tooth loss, depend on the early identification of periodontitis (PD) and other dental diseases. Dentists can significantly enhance patient outcomes by implementing preventive measures and individualized treatment regimens through early diagnosis and treatment. Novel biosensors are crucial because they identify specific biomarkers in biofluids, including saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), enabling early, precise, and noninvasive diagnosis. Compared to traditional approaches, our methodology provides a faster and more accurate assessment of periodontal health. For this reason, electrochemical biosensors are a game-changing technology that provides quick, noninvasive, and reasonably priced point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. These sensors detect disease-specific biomarkers in GCF and saliva, enabling the accurate and real-time evaluation of periodontal health. The use of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs), such as graphene (GPH), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which improve sensor performance due to their large surface area and improved electrical conductivity, is a significant development in this sector. This study highlights the importance of CNPs in the development of highly sensitive and accurate electrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease and other oral disorders. Lastly, we discuss the present drawbacks and potential future developments of this intriguing diagnostic methodology.