Photorefraction and in-situ optical cleaning in various types of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" altimg="si1.svg"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>LiNbO</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:msub> </mml:math> waveguides

Lithium niobate ( LiNbO 3 ) is a widely used material with several desirable physical properties, such as high second-order nonlinear optical and strong electro-optical effects. Thus LiNbO 3 is used for various applications such as electro-optic modulation or nonlinear frequency conversion and mixing. But LiNbO 3 also exhibits a strong photorefractive effect, which limits the intensity of the optical fields involved. Various approaches to reduce the photorefractive effect have been investigated, such as increasing the temperature, doping the crystal or using different waveguide designs in LiNbO 3 . Here, we present an analysis of the approach to increase the photorefractive damage threshold by using different waveguide designs. Contrary to previous claims and investigations, our SHG measurements revealed no significant difference in resistance to photorefractive damage when comparing conventional Ti-doped channel waveguides and Ti-doped diced ridge waveguides in LiNbO 3 . Furthermore, we have investigated the effect of photorefractive cleaning and curing using a light field at 532 nm . Here, we observe a reduction in the photorefractive effect at room temperature during and after SHG measurements, which is an easy alternative to conventional approaches.