Harnessing biomaterials for tuning inflammation: A neutrophil-centric perspective

Inflammation is crucial in combating infection, tissue repair, and immune regulation. However, dysregulated inflammatory responses induce and exacerbate numerous systemic diseases, even posing life-threatening risks. Neutrophils, the most abundant white blood cells in the bloodstream, are vital to the innate immune system. In recent years, neutrophils have been discovered to exhibit phenotypic heterogeneity and functional plasticity, capable of regulating various biological processes and impacting human diseases. Furthermore, neutrophils and their derivatives can serve as natural sources for biomaterials to control inflammatory responses. In this timely review, we begin by outlining the complex functions of neutrophils in inflammatory responses. Subsequently, we summarize the design strategies for neutrophil-based biomaterials. Afterward, we list and analyze the advancements in neutrophil-based anti-inflammatory biomaterials. Finally, we explore the challenges and prospects in this area. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of harnessing neutrophils as a therapeutic target.