Reptile Oncology: Current Insights and Future Perspectives. Part 1: Prevalence, Predisposing Factors, and Diagnostic Approach

Although it was once considered uncommon, an increasing incidence of neoplastic disease seems to be observed in captive reptiles. This escalation may at least be partly attributed to reptile pet owners more readily seeking veterinary advice and the expanding availability and use of appropriate diagnostic tools in reptile medicine. Continuous efforts should be made to improve our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of neoplastic disorders in reptiles and to promote evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. This comprehensive two-part review provides an overview of the contemporary knowledge and insights about neoplastic disease in reptiles. It also emphasizes the current gaps in the field and formulates future perspectives. In the first part of this review, a comparative analysis of variations in neoplasm prevalence across reptile taxa and organ systems is provided, predisposing factors are discussed, and current and future diagnostic procedures are elucidated. The second part focuses on current and future therapeutic modalities, critically evaluating surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiotherapeutic approaches, and provides a complete and up-to-date overview of nonsurgical standalone as well as adjuvant therapies used in reptile oncology, detailing drug protocols and outcomes. This review highlights the need for integrative protocols tailored to the specific neoplastic condition and species involved and suggests future research directions to standardize and refine diagnostics and treatment strategies.