Limonoids and protolimonoid from <i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>

Two new limonoids, swieteliacates V and W (<b>1</b> and <b>2</b>), and a new protolimonoid, 21α-ethoxyprotoxylocarpin E (<b>3</b>), together with six known limonoids (<b>4-9</b>), were isolated from the leaves of <i>Swietenia macrophylla</i>. Their structures, including absolute configurations, were determined through spectroscopic analysis (HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR), and ECD calculations. Compounds <b>2</b>, <b>6</b>, and <b>9</b> were found to inhibit hepatic glucose production in MPH cells induced by forskolin (FSK) and dexamethasone (Dex), while compounds <b>5</b> and <b>6</b> promoted lipid accumulation induced by free fatty acids.