Low-Cost Angular-Velocity Measurements for Sustainable Dynamic Identification of Pedestrian Footbridges: A Case Study of the Footbridge in Gdynia (Poland)

This study investigates the practical value of angular-velocity measurements in the dynamic identification of pedestrian footbridges, addressing the need for reliable yet cost-effective diagnostics for slender civil structures. A comprehensive experimental campaign on a steel footbridge in Gdynia combined ambient vibration tests, forced excitation (light and heavy shakers), and controlled pedestrian loading. Synchronous translational accelerations and rotational velocities from MEMS sensors enabled evaluation of both bending and torsional responses. Three identification techniques—Peak Picking (PP), Frequency Domain Decomposition (FDD), and Stochastic Subspace Identification (SSI)—were applied and compared with a validated beam–shell FEM developed in SOFiSTiK. The results show that rotational data improve mode-shape interpretation and classification, notably resolving a coupled torsional–vertical mode (VT2) that was ambiguous in acceleration-only analyses. The fundamental frequency of 3.1 Hz places the bridge in a resonance-prone range; field tests confirmed predominantly vertical response, with horizontal accelerations < 0.05 m/s2 and peak vertical accelerations exceeding comfort class CL3 during synchronised walking of six pedestrians (≈2.55 m/s2) and jumping (up to 3.61 m/s2). Overall, the outcomes highlight that low-cost gyroscopic sensing offers substantial benefits for structural system identification and mode-shape characterization, enriching acceleration-based diagnostics and strengthening the basis for subsequent analyses. By reducing the financial and material demands of vibration testing, the proposed approach contributes to more sustainable assessment and maintenance of pedestrian bridges, aligning with resource-efficient monitoring strategies in civil infrastructure.