Novel flow pattern for a solar photovoltaic–thermal collector system

Solar energy is an environmentally friendly and highly suitable alternative in today's energy-intensive world. Photovoltaic (PV) and photovoltaic thermal (PVT) panels play a crucial role in converting freely available solar energy into practical energy forms. Cooling solar cells is essential for mitigating the adverse effects of high operating temperatures, which is achieved by incorporating a heat exchanger to maintain a stable and optimal temperature. This process also produces thermal energy that can be utilized in various applications. This paper introduces a novel flow pattern design for a solar photovoltaic–thermal collector system, specifically engineered to minimize temperature gradients across the panel. Unlike conventional PVT systems that rely on large metallic pipes with forced fluid circulation, the proposed system employs a four-channel input and three-channel output configuration, enhancing thermal efficiency by utilizing natural water circulation and eliminating the need for a pump. This design captures hot water between the PV panel and a rear acrylic sheet, maximizing the contact area between the cooling water and the PV panel, thereby improving heat dissipation and overall system performance. The innovative flow pattern provides a more uniform temperature distribution, leading to improved electrical efficiency and optimized thermal energy extraction, making it a promising alternative to traditional PVT configurations.