Wireless Power Transfer Modalities for Implantable Bioelectronics: Electromagnetic, Acoustic, and Magneto‐Dynamic Perspectives

Abstract Wireless power transfer (WPT) has become essential for advancing implantable bioelectronics, providing sustainable energy without battery‐lifetime concerns or wired constraints. To mitigate these issues, a range of wireless power‐transfer approaches has been advanced to supply energy to implanted electronic systems. This review surveys four major modalities: electromagnetic (EM), magnetoelectric (ME), acoustic (AC), and magneto‐dynamic (MD), with attention to their principles, representative materials, and performance trade‐offs. EM systems offer relatively high power but face issues of alignment sensitivity and tissue heating. ME devices reduce specific absorption and enable flexible formats, yet their power output and long‐term biocompatibility remain limited. AC approaches, leveraging ultrasound, enable low‐frequency, biocompatible operation but depend strongly on medium stability. Recently, MD platforms have emerged as a paradigm shift, generating electricity from magnetic motion with tolerance to misalignment and independence from biological media, while enabling therapeutic functions. Comparative analyses reveal that no single approach satisfies all criteria, but each defines a distinct operating domain. These insights highlight future opportunities for safe and reliable implantable WPT technologies.