Assessment of Differences Between the Ports of Rotterdam, Valparaíso and San Antonio Towards Smart Ports, Emphasising Digital Technologies

The objective is to evaluate the differences between the Chilean ports of Valparaíso and San Antonio and the port of Rotterdam in their journey towards smart ports, focusing on Blockchain (BC) technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), big data, Internet of Things (IoT), 5G networks and Digital Twins (DT), according to Port 4.0 and 5.0 models. The methodology is a qualitative assessment based on scores from the analysis of Port 4.0 technology information, including labour relations, environmental care and community integration for Port 5.0. The results confirm Rotterdam as representative of a ‘Smart Port’ for Ports 4.0 and 5.0, showing gaps with Chilean ports, which are rated as ‘incipient implementation’ in Port 4.0 and ‘in transition’ in Port 5.0. These differences are due to factors such as investment, financing, infrastructure, governance, regulation, digital human capital, organisational culture and innovation, and the characteristics of the port ecosystem.